How did the British press report on the Brexit negotiations?

On the 23rd of June of 2016 it was announced the British referendum and it was also announced that the UK would depart from the European Union in 2019. For this content analysis research, the question that’s being analyze is "How did the British press report on the Brexit negotiations?” The articles chosen to analyze and compare the information are from two types of newspapers; one is a tabloid newspaper called the Sun and the other one is a broadsheet newspaper called the Independent. Also, one of them in this case the Sun is right-wing, meanwhile the other one is left-wing. Before searching for information or reading the articles the hypothesis that was made was the following; the British press depending if it was pro Brexit or not as well as left- wing or right-wing will talk of it as a negative impact on society or as a positive impact. Also due to that most of the media is controlled by politicians it will also affect what they tell the public about Brexit and what they decided to omit. The public would be confused as not knowing what is happening and not understanding all of what Brexit is, also depending if they are immigrants or not their view about Brexit will be pessimistic or positive.

Literature review

(Sampson, 2017) had the view that the “Support for Brexit came from a coalition of less-educated, older, less economically successful and more socially conservative voters who oppose immigration and feel left behind by modern life.” Many journalists have expressed different negative points of views about Brexit “The consequences of Brexit on international trade are large and negative” (Brakman, 2017). There are countless pessimistic views about this topic “For the United Kingdom, leaving the EU will mean withdrawing from the EU’s supranational political institutions and will lead to the erection of new barriers to the exchange of goods, services, and people" (Sampson, 2017). Or have argued that Eurosceptics only care about leaving "The Eurosceptic campaigners are not interested in articulating novel principles for democracy: they want the UK to leave the EU"(Eleftheriadis p, 2017). Except of caring about what is better for the citizens and have argument it with more negative thoughts about politics and democracy "Eurosceptics in Britain say that a second referendum on the EU would be ‘undemocratic’ […] It is a strikingly odd thing to say. A referendum is supposedly a means of com- municating the people’s will"(Eleftheriadis p, 2017). It states how Eurosceptics are taking the citizens the right to vote and express what they feel due to that they just want Brexit to happen and do not want to have a second referendum just in case Brexit does not win. Also the referendum has created loss of money to the UK “Global equity markets lost more than 2 trillion dollars in value on 24 June 2016 upon news of the UK referendum result” (Burdekin, 2017) thus creating negative impacts in the economy “There is an initial indication that increases in the likelihood of “Brexit” are associated with higher levels of market uncertainty” (Smales, 2016). It not only has unbeneficial impacts in the economic side but also in the sanitary side “The United Kingdom is also set to lose its leadership role in major European research collaborations, such as European Reference Networks for rare and complex diseases” (Park, 2017). However not all journalist have reported Brexit as an ‘unfavorable’ thing for the country “as the world’s fifth largest economy, we could of course flourish on our own, making our own trade deals and reconnecting with the wide world” (Marshall, 2016) meaning that the UK will evolve in a beneficial way after Brexit and will not need the support of the European Union in any way and even another journalist has assert that Brexit will not damage Europe by leaving the European Union “ Europe can resolve problems which no single country would be able achieve on its own” (Hay, 2017, p. 1). To conclude not all the journalists agree that Brexit is either a good option or a bad one, they all have their opinions about the matter and each one expresses them in different ways. Mostly more journalists see Brexit as a negative impact that will not only damage the UK in different aspects but also will harm Europe yet there are some journalists that maintain a positive view of the topic and declare that Brexit will not hurt the UK or Europe in any way.

Literature review of methodology and methods

First of all quantitative methodology in content analysis is “ a research method defined briefly as the systematic assignment of communication content to categories according to rules, and the analysis of relationships involving those categories using statistical methods” (Riffe, Lacy and Fico, 2014, p. 3). Quantitative method involves a descriptive research “it emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires and surveys […]focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon” (Babbie, 2010) . The advantages of quantitative research are that it is more reliable due to that they are numbers and facts and they cannot be manipulated or be misunderstood. They are easy to read and understand. Also, they are seen as more objective meaning they are not influenced by a person’s opinion or feelings when discussing the topic. However, it has some disadvantages which are; normally the findings are limited, the data is not rich, and it is not flexible. When researching texts through quantitative methodology the methods that are used are two. Content analysis is used when researching texts, meanwhile questionnaires and surveys are used when researching people. “Today, content analysis has become an efficient alternative to public opinion research, a method of tracking markets, political leanings and emerging ideas; it is used as a way to settle legal disputed and as an approach to the exploration of individual human minds” (Krippendorff, 2012, p. xiii). Content analysis provides numerical data gained from a coding sheet. This coding sheet is divided into categories which are fill up with numbers, in the case of the researcher analyzing an article the figures of numbers that you will find would be the date of the article and the type of newspaper. Inside these categories you can also find variables which state of what the article is about but instead of telling you what is about the topics are turn into numbers. If the researcher does a wide range of codding sheets this are placed into a coding spreagndsheet (a table) where all the collated data is presented. Questionnaires are the “Most common method of collecting data on attitudes and opinions from large group of participants” ( Mackey and Gass, 2005, p. 95) the advantages of doing a questionnaire is that they are easy to make as well as easy to do. The questions are straight forward, and one can obtain a wide range and variety of answers from many people. However, there is a disadvantage with this type of method and is that you cannot collect the ‘why’ of their answers. Due to that is so fortnight it is impossible to know why the person thinks that way or get any more information from them. The ethics that were used in this method were advising the participants that all their answers were for university purposes and that they were not going to be exposed, their identity was going to remain in private. Additionally, they could decide whether they preferred not to answer a particular question by choosing the option ‘prefer not to say’ or ‘neither yes nor no’.

Coding sheet, questionnaire, samples and ethics

For this research skill investigation, the purpose was trying to find out how did the British press reported the Brexit negotiations and for achieving this information there were two newspapers chosen one was the Sun a tabloid express newspaper, meanwhile the other was the Independent a broadsheet newspaper. These two newspapers were chosen due that they are both different newspapers and also the Sun is right- wing while the Independent is left-wing, meaning more information and data can be found by investigating two disparate newspapers and see if one wing goes pro Brexit and the other goes anti-Brexit. From these two newspapers six articles were randomly chose to see how the British press communicated the topic of Brexit. This articles then had their own coding sheet which was divided by eight categories which were; the article ID, the date on which the article was published, the newspaper where they were found, the type of article, the primary theme of the article and the secondary theme to collect more information in the articles also the variables used inside the themes were all hypothetically guessed , the news sources (whether it was pro Brexit, anti-Brexit, formal or non-formal), the length of the article and frequency which was divided into ten words. The Themes were branched into seven variables. The first one being Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy) due to that it is a theme that concerns everyone and one of the purpose of Brexit was to increment the UK economy. Social issues (involving racism), this variable was chosen due to the number of immigrants they are in the UK, in fact 6% of the UK population are immigrants. The third variable was European parliament, this topic was put inside the themes due to that they are a very big part of the Brexit. Another variable was the British Citizens, they are basically the ones who voted for or against Brexit. Then of course the EU Citizens, they are also affected by the Brexit. Then the referendum, due to that is a fundamental topic involving Brexit and finally other just in case the articles talked about something else. Inside the questionnaire there were 10 questions made these ones where; if they though Brexit was important for them, to see how many people think that Brexit is an important issue. The next question was which political party they support, this question was asked to find which one was the most popular. Another question that was asked was if their vote was conditioned due to peer pressure, to know if people freely voted for what they wanted. The fourth question was if they had any immigrant friends or family to regard if they voted pro Brexit even though this people they know would not been benefited by their choice. Furthermore, this question was asked “where you fully aware of what Brexit was when you decided to vote?” due to that some people in the UK later rejected what they voted. Additionally, the next question was if they rejected their own vote in the Brexit Referendum. The next question made was if they were pro Brexit to see how many people where for and against it. Finally, the last questions where demographic ones, meaning their age group, sex and nationality was asked. These last three questions were asked to narrow down the data and see the comparison between genders, age group and nationality. Lastly inside the questionnaire there were options that left the participants to reject answering the question by pressing “prefer not to say” or “neither yes or no”. This was made so they were no ethical issues when collecting the data.

Content Analysis Findings

The data that was collected from the content analysis had a variety of themes. Four of the Five articles talked about the theme of EU, which was the most notable topic. Additionally, nearly all of these topics explained how Theresa May analysed EU citizens’ rights. She explained that they are most likely subject to change with the implementation of Brexit. The most important theme being the EU citizens, in fact four out of the six articles discussed this specific topic. Also, nearly all of these articles talked about Theresa May and how she argues about the EU citizen’s rights and how they will change towards Brexit. This is quite controversy due to that the ones who voted for Brexit and are going to receive more impact than anyone else are the British citizens, however the British press focuses more on EU citizens than their own citizens. This analysis is significant because it explains that many of the citizens that voted for Brexit are likely to experience negative ramifications with its commencement in 2020. However, the British media has decided to focus on the effects on EU citizens rather than illuminate the effects on its own community. This focus is most likely caused by the topic of immigration. 6% of the UKs population are currently immigrants. This should be due to the amount of immigration in the UK, in fact 6% of the population in the UK are immigrants.

Furthermore, these articles talked about the EU citizen’s new regulation laws towards Brexit and how immigration and living in the UK will be sorted for European residents. Another theme that appeared frequently was the discussion of the UK economy in fact it appeared four times as primary theme, mainly in The Independent and inside most of the articles they stated the UK economy in a positive or negative way. First of all, the two newspapers that were used to collect data where The Sun and The Independent, as stated in the hypothesis depending if the press is left-wing, right-wing, pro Brexit or anti Brexit it will report of it as a negative or positive impact for the United Kingdom. The Sun being right-wing, they are more conservative and generally traditional. Their articles mainly reported positive aspects about Brexit, apart from information about the new regulations for British citizens as well as EU citizens and EU immigrants. It principally mentions Theresa May and all the new regulations the UK will face towards Brexit. It informs the readers about the new laws regarding post- Brexit as a positive impact in the British society. Furthermore, not all the good news is for the UK residents, also it states that EU people are free to come to the country as long as they have a job. Nevertheless, it also warns that British people will be more considered to occupy a job than immigrants. Finally, the Sun also talks about more beneficial regulations like the fact that UK citizens will have free health care while living or traveling in Europe, in conclusion they inform the readers that Brexit is all positive and that there will not be any negative aspect about it.

On the other hand, The Independent being a left-wing newspaper has a more liberal and forward-moving ideology. Not only informs the readers about the net migration but it cautions the British citizens about the Economy and the decreasing of it. The articles explain how the Economy of the country will decrease due to having less immigration. Having a decrease in immigration means less people working, so less money is produced. Additionally, they all explain how the UK economy will decrease. They state that the incomers from the EU have increase the UK economy for over the last 15 years and that the GDP per capita has also boost due to immigration. Moreover, the articles also imply that since Brexit the UK has been less appealing to visit and this has been reflected in the diminishment of the economy, meanwhile Europe is not facing these same aspects. Also, it informs the readers that analysts have come to the conclusion that due to the fact that immigrants have filled up jobs that natives did not want to take they have helped to raise the productivity growth of the nation, as well as beneficial for the public finances. It also argued the fact that Theresa May will continue with the reduction of immigrants no matter the cause. Notwithstanding the Independent also talks about positives aspects such as mentioned before in The Sun, the fact that the government has stated that free movement will continue. Lastly the two newspapers have very different views about Brexit as we can see in their articles. The Sun has a more optimistic view of Brexit, the new regulations of it and also how it is going to affect the people, all of their 3 articles mention positive impacts and none negative. Meanwhile the Independent has more variable views. It has a positive view due to the fact that Britain’s would be able to move freely through Europe. However, it has a more pessimistic view regarding the UK economy and how it will decrease the growth and productivity of the country that has been achieve throughout all these years.

Questionnaire Findings

For getting information from the people in numerical data a questionnaire was produced. In total 26 volunteers responded to ten questions about Brexit. These questions were chosen to examine more in deeply the hypothesis and if the public is confused of what Brexit stands for, if they regret their vote or even if they were conditioned to vote against their will. The first question that was asked was if Brexit was an important topic for them, 73% said that it was an important topic leaving only 8% saying that it was not, also 19% stated that it was neither important neither not important. This meant that most amount of people are concerned about Brexit instead of ignoring the topic and that the public is concerned and aware of it. The second question was what political English party they supported, in general the party that most people supported was Labour with 46% people. The Conservative party was the second most popular with 19% of votes and finally the third most popular was Green with 12% of votes. However, there was 12% of people that preferred not to say who they support and another 12% stating that they do not support any political party, this could be due to the fact that from the 26 people 6 of them where from outside the UK and they do not follow any of the political parties of the UK. The next question that was asked was if their vote was conditioned due to peer pressure, this question was asked since there are some people that vote what their family votes for or even what their friends vote for and are not aware of what the political party they stand for or even what they mean. In this case only 8% declared that their vote was conditioned meanwhile 85% of them affirmed that it was not, and 8% of them preferred not to say. This means that most people voted what they wanted with full liberation of their ideas while a minority was only pressured to vote against their will, so most of the people were informed of what they were voting for. The fourth question that was asked was if they had any immigrant friends or family, this question was asked to see how many people voted for Brexit even though they knew their immigrant’s relatives or friends will suffer the consequences of this phenomenon. In general, 81% of the people had an immigrant friend or relative while only 15% didn’t. However, it is also normal to have someone who is immigrant in the UK due to the amount of immigration there is from many countries and not only European ones. The posterior question demand was if they were fully aware of what Brexit was when they decided to vote. Approximately 62% declared that they were fully aware, anyhow 31% were not fully aware of the meaning of Brexit and 8% preferred not to expose their answer. So even though the general amount knew what Brexit was there where still that minority of people that voted without knowledge and conscience of what Brexit meant and the importance of this topic. The fifth question was if they regret their vote in the Brexit referendum, the intention of this question is to know if people are still thinking what they thought when they voted, or they have changed their opinion after all the new information about Brexit and the evolution of it. In total 73% declared that they do not regret their vote and only 15% stated that they did. This means that most people still maintain their ideas and do not regret their vote. Notwithstanding 12% preferred not to say what they voted for. The succeeding question that was asked was if they were Pro Brexit. 88% of the people declared that they were anti-Brexit and only 8% stated that they were Pro Brexit. However, 12% preferred not to respond and be in anonymity. This Data is quiet controversy due to that the majority of the people in this test declared they were Anti-Brexit, meanwhile if we see the overall votes of the Brexit referendum in the UK 52% percent of the population voted to leave. Finally, the last three questions were more demographic questions and involving the ethics. The first one was to select their sex, 58% of them were female while 42% were male, this question was purposed so there could be more data about the different types of sexes and see if women supported more one political party than men or if there were differences in the fact they either regret there vote or felt their vote was conditioned. Apparently there was no difference regarding the fact of being pro Brexit between genres due to the fact that one out of the fifteen females is pro Brexit and one out of the eleven males is also pro Brexit. The second question that was chosen was for the participants to select their age. In general, 91% of the contestants had 18-25 years and only 2 people were above 35. This data suggests that younger people are more involved in what is happening around them than older people are, also this question was asked to see if they were different opinion between age differences due to that younger people are easier to manipulate, therefore their vote could be conditioned and also to see if depending of the age differences people preferred one political party than the other. Lastly the ultimate question that was asked was for the participants to identify their nationality, the predominance nationality was British with 69%, Welsh with only 8% and European people which were 23%. Inside this 23% the majority were Spanish and only one Polish. This question was asked to know if there was any difference in the political party they chose due to their origins or if they voted for Brexit even though they are immigrants. The results from this question were that all the voters that where from outside the UK voted against Brexit as expected since Brexit will majorly bring negative impacts for them and only the ones who voted for Brexit where the British ones whish are the ones that are going to get more benefits from this phenomenon. However the Welsh people that voted where anti-brexit.

Conclusion

To conclude, the British Press reported on the Brexit negotiations in negative and positive ways. Some newspapers had a more pessimistic view, meanwhile other newspapers had a more decisive view sending the message that Brexit was the best thing for the UK as declaring that all the consequences and new regulations that will come with it will only benefit the citizens. As stated in the hypothesis depending if the newspaper was pro Brexit, anti-brexit, left-wing or right-wing the newspapers will talk about this theme in a negative aspect or positive one. We can observe that The Sun being a right-wing newspaper focuses only in the positive aspects of Brexit and all the advantages it will bring, not only to UK citizens but also European ones. However, The Independent being a left-wing newspaper has a wider view of positive and negatives views but mainly negative ones towards the economy of the UK and their citizens. Furthermore, the hypothesis was wrong with respect to the public due to that most of the people were not confused about Brexit and about the new regulations that Brexit will bring to the nation. Nevertheless, as seen in the questionnaire findings all the immigrants where against Brexit but surprisingly only a few of English people where Pro- Brexit.

Critical Reflection

As the hypothesis chosen for this topic was very basic and ambiguous there where a wide range of themes discussed in the methods except of narrowing down to one specific theme and getting more information about it. Also, for the part of the questionnaire findings only 26 people answered to the survey, so there was very poor information collected and little data to compare. So next time for collecting more people it will be wise to share it through Facebook due to that is a social platform that not only focuses on young people use but it reaches a wide range of people from different ages.

References

Alison Mackey, Susan m. Gass. (2005). Second Language Research, methodology and design. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Brackman, S. (2017). Consequences of Brexit and options for a ‘Global Britain’. Regional Science.

Burkedin, R. C. (2017). A first look at Brexit and global equity markets. Applied Economics Letters.

Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, Frederick G. Fico. (2005). Analyzing Media Messages, Using quantitative content analysis research. London: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, publishers.

Earl R, B. ( 2010). The Practice of Social Research. London: SAGE Publications.

Eleftheriadis, P. (2017). Constitutional Illegitimacy over Brexit. The Political Quarterly.

Hay, J. (2017). "i'm certain that Europe has a positive Future". Global Capital.

Krippendorff. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). SAGE.

Marshall, P. (2016). Brexit in its Worldwide Aspect: An Opportunity to be Grasped. The Round Table, The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs .

Park, J. J. (2017). Brexit: Severe Risks to Britain’s National Health Service. American Public Health Assosiation.

Sampson, T. (2017). Brexit the economics of international disintegration. centre for economic performance.

Smales, L. A. (2016). “Brexit”: A Case Study in the Relationship Between Political and Financial Market Uncertainty. International Review of Finance.

Appendices

Codding sheet:

Content Analysis:

ARTICLE ID: 1

DATE: 12/12/2017

NEWSPAPER: 1

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 5

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 6

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 4

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 1120

FREQUENCY:

ARTICLE ID: 2

DATE: 23/10/2017

NEWSPAPER: 1

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 5

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 7

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 1

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 945

FREQUENCY:

ARTICLE ID: 3

DATE: 25/11/2017

NEWSPAPER: 1

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 1

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 3

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 4

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 535

FREQUENCY:

ARTICLE ID: 4

DATE: 30/1

1/2017

NEWSPAPE

R: 2

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 1

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 5

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 3

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 898

FREQUENCY:

ARTICLE ID: 5

DATE: 01/02/2018

NEWSPAPER: 2

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 1

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 7

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 3

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 474

FREQUENCY:

ARTICLE ID: 6

DATE: 30/11/2017

NEWSPAPER: 2

1. The Sun

2. Independent

TYPE OF ARTICLE: 1

1. News

2. Feature

3. Other

PRIMARY THEME: 1

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

SECONDARY THEME: 5

1.) Discussion of the economy (increase or decrease of the economy)

2.) Social issues (involving racism)

3.) European parliament

4.) British Citizens

5.) EU Citizens

6.) Referendum

7.) Other

NEWS SOURCES: 3

1. Pro Brexit

2. Anti Brexit

3. Formal (Government)

4. Non formal (Public)

ARTICLE LENGTH: 829

FREQUENCY:

Articles:

Article 1: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2822423/eu-citizens-uk-after-brexit-visas-numbers-britain/

Article 2: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4746723/all-eu-migrants-can-come-to-britain-after-brexit-as-long-as-they-have-a-job-in-plans-floated-by-home-office/

Article 3: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5000440/proposals-ban-unskilled-migrant-workers/

Article 4: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/low-uk-immigration-economy-how-effect-brexit-eu-nationals-a8084796.html

Article 5: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-latest-leaked-eu-migration-cost-reduced-us-trade-deal-impact-assessment-a8188466.html

Article 6: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/uk-immigration-brexit-leave-eu-nationals-leave-citizens-government-strategy-customs-a8084941.html

Questionnaire:

1. Is Brexit an important topic for you?

2. Which political party do you support?(open question)

3. Was your vote conditioned due to peer pressure?

4. Do you have any immigrant friends or family?

5. Where you fully aware of what Brexit was when you decided to vote?

6. Do you regret your vote in the Brexit referendum?

7. Are you pro Brexit?

8. Please identify your nationality

9. Please select your sex

10. Please tick your age group

Questionnaire data: